Can Neutropenic Cancer Patients Be Nursed Effectively Nursing Essay

Can Neutropenic Cancer Patients Be Nursed Effectively Nursing Essay On my clinical rotation I have observed that oncology patients are being nursed in wards which have patients with other conditions. Some of the oncology patients were severely neutropenic. This poses a greater risk for infections since the white blood cells needed to fight infection is very low. It has been noted that patients with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis are being nursed on the same ward, along with burn patients and HIV patients. It was observed however that the most neutropenic patients were being barrier nursed. However it was still observed that many times members of staff entered the room without wearing a mask or washing their hands and most of the times the patient also wore no mask. The cleaning staff also entered the rooms and cleaned without wearing masks and would sometimes clean an infectious persons room prior to cleaning the cancer patient room. These observations have led me to ask the question whether neutropenic cancer patients can be effectively nu rsed on a ward with others patients of contagious illnesses. This issue is significant to oncology nursing and cancer care since it addresses the practices of nursing and also plays an important part in patient outcomes. It has been estimated that each year in the United States there were sixty thousand cases of cancer patients hospitalized with neutropenia. About two thirds of that number has reported infections and the estimated inpatient mortality rate of those patients is seven percent (Segal, 2008). Infections also cost hospitals a lot of money that could be spent on other health issues. It was estimated that infections have added thirty billion dollars to the US hospital cost while consumers also have to pay part of the cost (McCaughey, 2005). A search was carried out using internet data bases and articles were found which lends support to the use of barrier nursing and other methods as effective tools in infection control. Barrier Nursing is nursing a patient so as to erect a barrier to the passage of infectious pathogenic organisms between the contagious patient and other patients and staff in the hospital, and thence to the outside world (Last, 2010).It involves the use of having the patient isolated in a separate room and if not possible they are screened on an open ward. The nurse would wear a gown, mask and gloves when attending to the patient and observe strict hand washing and aseptic techniques (Last, 2010). Reverse barrier nursing or protective isolation is where the susceptible patient is isolated to prevent them from getting infections. It involves limiting the number of staff and visitors that interact with the patient especially if they are ill. It also involves limiting attending to a contagious patient then attending to the immunocompromised patient. All staff should be aware of the precautions and the doors should be appropriately labeled (The Leeds Teaching Hospital, 2003). According to the American Cancer Society (2009), neutropenia is described as a deficiency of neutrophils. Neutrophils are the largest number of white bloods cells in the body and are crucial to the bodys defense system. Some cancers such as the lymphomas and some leukemias directly affect the immune system and causes low blood counts. In other cases the cancer treatment received such as chemotherapy and radiation results in damage to the immune system (American Cancer Society, 2009). When the immune system is damaged or suppressed it is referred to as immunosupression. When this occurs the white blood cells especially neutrophils are unable to fight off infections and the person is highly susceptible to getting an infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi (American Cancer Society, 2009). Some studies have suggested that proper hand hygiene by the patient and the nurse along with immunization, antifungal and antibacterial prophylaxis have show to be the most effective methods of infection control. Avoiding contact with persons who are ill with respiratory illnesses has also been suggested (Zitella, Friese, Hauser, Gobel, Woolery, OLeary and Andrews, 2006). The Center for Disease Control recommends hand washing as the most important means of spreading infection especially in susceptible populations such as the immunocompromised. It is also important between different patients in high risk units such as between cancer patients and HIV patients (LeTexier, 2000). Other studies have suggested that barrier nursing is needed for all immunocompromised patients. Some infections are seen mostly in certain disease populations for example Candida infections are found in many HIV patients. However the question of whether neutropenic patients should be housed close to HIV patients needs to be further researched. Rather strict hygiene practices along with prophylactic treatment have been suggested (Lortholary Dupont, 1997). It is suggested that all clinical staff and other health care workers are periodically trained in infection control and there should be consistent evaluation of techniques being used. The nurse is in a unique position to ensure that infection spread is reduced by carrying out and monitoring aseptic practices; ensuring the environment is clean to prevent spread of micro organisms and to protect the patient from ill staff and visitors (Collins, n.d). Some studies have also indicated that there is little evidence that reverse barrier nursing is effective especially where there is no laminar air flow or HEPA-filtered rooms available. However some studies indicate that the filtered rooms can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with leukemia (Seshadri Baumann, 2008). The use of reverse isolation of any type for patients with solid tumors who are neutropenic is discouraged since there are no studies to prove it is helpful rather it can cause anxiety and confusion for patients, their families, and healthcare workers (Seshadri Baumann, 2008). After reviewing the literature the question can be answered that neutropenic patients can be effectively nursed on these wards with the collaboration of all the members or the health care team in carrying out proper hygienic methods.

College Entrance Examination System Essay

Abstract Computers are known for their wide range of uses especially in scientific and mathematical fields.However little or no thought has been given to designing a complete and thorough intelligence entrance examination on a computer system in our immediate environment. This entrance examination system is designed to assist the college guidance administration. The design of the system is simple and easily understood. Its flexibility makes it amenable for future changes and amendment to either incorporate other aspects of intelligence or to be designed for any other school age or class. The question of the college Entrance Examination System are programmed and visually displayed on the system‘s screen in an interactive form. The User/Examinee answers the question on the computer system, immediately the question is marked and notified. The result of the examination is also directly displayed into the server at the end of the examination which goes a long way to lessen the fears of Exami nee that they were marked down in the examination. Since the entrance examination is examined by the computer, time cost of manual examination is saved. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.0 INTRODUCTION An entrance examination is an examination that many educational institutions use to select students for admission, These exams may be administered at any level of education, from primary to higher education, although they are more common at higher levels. But this system is design for higher levels only. college entrance examination systems are very convenient and fast. College entrance examination system has three purposes. 1. To allow entrance examination takers wide and comfortable places to take the examination. 2. Through careful planning and proper coding, enable entrance examination, result checking and accurate checking the answers. 3. To integrate database with the program allowing administrator easily change and addition of question and creation of entrance examination. This document will propose some features and procedures to develop the system.This document specially containing details about objectives, concepts, significance scope limitation, and definitions. College entrance examination system is very useful for Educational Institute to prepare an exam,safe the time that will take to check the paper and prepare mark sheets.It will help the Institute to entrance examinationof students and develop their skills. But the disadvantages for this system, it takes a lot of times when you prepare the exam at the first time for usage.And we are needs number of computers with the same number of examinee. The effective use of â€Å"College Entrance Examination System†,any Educational Institute or training centers can be use it to develop their strategy for putting the exams, and for getting better results in less time. However the formulation of question for entrance examination is often treated with consciousness.With the developing of computer application technology, more and more computer application software is coming up. This application software‘s associated to every part of people‘s daily life, and so does the examinations. Just like other application system, examination systems develop very fast, from simple stand-alone system to C/S based system,and now some LAN based system. Although there are a lot of examination systems, but there also have blanks in some special fields. Examination Evaluation System integrated into the Multimedia Emulation Training System of certain type equipment is designed and will be introduced.This system can be used to help people familiar with the equipment usage quickly which can save time and paperless. Now the following will analysis and contrast the existing examination systems, and shoveling out the improvement of our examination system. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Our system is all about the entrance exam the students who will enrol in Cainta Catholic College. The AUTOMATED ENTRANCE EXAMINATION is easier than the written exam because it’s automated and less effort and less expensive. The objective of entrance examination is to test and evaluate the examinees ability. Different schools nowadays have their own way of filtering and scanning enrollees that will enter their institution. Mostly private colleges are currently having their entrance examination manual. Computerized Entrance Examination is a software that would test the academic skills and capabilities of an individual. It will generate the score of the examinees and will determine if he or she passes the examination. The software will be having categories, the logic, arithmetic, vocabulary, basic computer related questions and abstract reasoning. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study aims to find out the effects of having manual and computerized examination to the examinees and the establishment that will use it. The following are the main problems of the manual examinations: a) Consuming a lot of time in summarizing and writing reports for the faculty staff b) It is space consuming, since the data are stored in filling cabinets, and the amount of work done on paper increases too. c) The speed of accuracy decreased, the processing is slower where large volume of data needs to be dealt with d) The possibility of having leakage of the exam answers and modification of the examination results. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES General Objective The main objective of the study is to modernize the traditional entrance examination. Project aims to make the examination process faster, to minimize error, to lessen the use of paper and consume less time. The ultimate goal is to design and develop a productive entrance examination for all types of school. Specific Objective The proposed system specifically aims to: a) Develop a better computerized entrance examination for students. b) Provide fast and reliable results. c) Lessen the errors 1.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Conceptual Model of the Study A college Entrance Examination System identifies the modern process of technology, on how it works quickly for the college guidance. Based on the objectives of the study the following conceptual model of study was developed. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Figure 1. Conceptual Model of Study The conceptual model of study is best illustrated on the paradigm of the input box; it deals on knowledge requirements, User’s Needs, Existing Applications, Development Tools and Techniques, Technical Literature, Results of user’s survey, expert advice, software, requirements, and hardware requirements. It deals on the perceptions towards the existing manual system and the proposed Computerized Entrance Examination System as to accuracy, user friendliness and speed of data and information. On the process box, it deals on the process of gathering data using questionnaires and unstructured interviews, the different statistical tools as mean, frequency, percentage, analysis of variance in order to test the significant difference on the formulated hypothesis. On the output frame, it deals on the final objective of the study which is the development of the proposed Entrance Examination System for the Cainta Catholic College (College Guidance) in Cainta, Rizal. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study intends to benefit not only the end users, but also the establishment that will use the software. The proposed software provides better method of computer usage. It will change the way of dealing number of enrollees, make the work easy, less paper, fast and reliable, decreases the time consumed during the examination process and its user friendliness for everyone. Beneficiaries Examinees – Examinees will find an easy way of answering examination from the schools. Staff / Examiner –As an examiner, it will help them a lot to lessen their burden in giving examinations, and also will lessen the effort that they will exert in filling those exam papers in places and they can already get the result. Establishment – Having a Computerized Examination in schools is a big factor in having such Examination. Not only they can accommodate large number of students to take the examination, also will get all results that they want in a short period of time which is good factor / background  for the school. Environment – Computerized Examination is eco-friendly. It will not consume a large number of papers and also there are no harmful contents. 1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The proposed study aims to benefit the examiners and examinees. It focuses on the user friendliness, small use in memory and data storage, also its accuracy and reliability of the process for school, since it can help in evaluating enrollees’ academic abilities. The questions are in multiple-choice format. The proposed software can only provide offline use, automatically print the results, its installation in different personal computers, ready to use, run as a separate computer process. It is a standalone program that can only be run in Windows XP and higher Windows operating system. The software does not cover any other process of enrolling, paying tuition, assessment and course evaluation; it does not cover any online processes. The software will evaluate students and will be the basis of the school in accepting students. CHAPTER 2 RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 2.0 LOCAL LITERATURE According to Aquino (2005), importamce of computer application is increasing day by day. In the latest dacades of the Millenium winning organization are those which are willing to integrate business strategy and computer information technology in plying their respective trades. The use of computer information technology results for them to be able to develop products fast and make decisions fast, ability to have fluid organization structures, able to cope with the demanding work force and external environment by the rapid development of innovative approaches and lastly using information system confirms the company’s missing vision. The transformation of manual entrance examination to automated is one example of what has driven partly by rapid technological innovation. Any ways just  to make work easier and faster like examination processing is possible with emergence of computer technologies. A Lan Based entrance examination system has featured that meet most of academic institutions system’s needs and requirements. 2.1 FOREIGN LITERATURE According to some research, the origin of taking entrance examination started in China. Ancient China was the first country in the world that implemented a nationwide standardized test, which was called the imperial examination. The main purpose of this examination was to select qualified candidates for specific governmental positions. Steven Johnson (2009) says that the computer is the revolutionary technology that affected many facets of our lives including the schooling of the students. And having an entrance examination that is computerized will be a good help for the examiners and examinees for it will lessen the time of taking examination. Many schools that conduct examination are using manual based system up to present. In managing their system, they have encountered difficulties and problems. 2.2 LOCAL STUDIES Studies Cainta Catholic College says that schools are giving entrance examination to all incoming freshmen in order to test the mental capabilities of every student. In Manual System, the processing of transactions of the guidance counselor may take time consuming in recording, checking and retrieving files of students. If the students did not meet the cut off score in the examination,the student will repeatedly take the exam until the student will pass. If the examination is end and the student never meet the cut off score in the examination. the student will not be qualified to enroll in the school. Entrance examination is also known as the aptitude test in many universities, and the proponents agreed to it. An examination is an assessment intended to measure the examiners knowledge, skills, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics. A test may be administered orally, on paper, on a computer, or in a confined area that requires an examiner to physically per form a set of skills. 2.3 FOREIGN STUDIES Automation in the modern period will not only make our life easy and convenient, but also it makes our task easy. According to the study of Couse and Chen (2010), the programs and devices are increasingly user friendly. Schools started to use computer process for evaluating students. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. Through the use of technology, the economy of the country is moving forward. Nowadays, most people are using computers to make their work easier and faster. Most jobs in the country involve use of computers because of their importance in the society . 2.4RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY This section presents other related studies by the people who conducted studies similar to the proponents that will also greatly helping the progress of the study, and it will also help the understanding of the proposition Taking college entrance exams that will determine the schools and universities you will study at can be a daunting task, especially to someone who is yet to experience the true rigors of life. Taking one is inevitable and almost all of the universities nowadays require a student to take an entrance exam. Passing an exam is not just about wit, but it is also about the attitude. A college entrance exam is a standardized aptitude test. Aptitude tests measure your collective knowledge in various skill areas such as verbal, math, analytical and writing skills. These tests are not designed to measure what you have learned in school; rather, they measure your potential to perform well in the future. The college you are applying to and where you stand in school will determ ine which standardized test you need to take. In addition to that, entrance examination has also connected with the behavioral capabilities of the students. According to kids4research.org, behavior is the response of an individual, group or species to its environment. It involves actions and response to stimulation. In addition to that, behavior deals with the development of every individual. Also, personalities are supposed to be assess, there are students who have difficulties in dealing with their classmates and even  with their instructors and professors. In relation to examinations, behavior is the most important factor that the school should also consider because schools are also having a hard time handling the behaviors of their students, and evaluating the students’ behavior is an important thing to consider. Computerized entrance examination is a proposed study where it automates the task of the school in handling qualified students, not only in academic performance but also in behavioral and personality factor s; proponents found these studies helpful in developing the software for the computerized entrance examination.

Eth 125

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper that answers the following questions:  · What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past?  · Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history?  · Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U. S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so?  · What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? What are the benefits of such a diverse society?  · How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States?  · In what ways does the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. (Citations Required)  · In what ways does the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. (Citations Required)  · How mig ht individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? Title of Paper Begin your paper with the introduction. The active voice, rather than passive voice, should be used in your writing. This template is formatted according to APA Style guidelines, with one inch top, bottom, left, and right margins; Times New Roman font in 12 point; double-spaced; aligned flush left; and paragraphs indented 5-7 spaces. The page number appears one inch from the right edge on the first line of each page, excluding the Figures page.Headings Use headings and subheadings to organize the sections of your paper. The first heading level is formatted with initial caps and is centered on the page. Do not start a new page for each heading. Subheading Subheadings are formatted with italics and are aligned flush left. Citations Source material must be documented in the body of th e paper by citing the authors and dates of the sources. The full source citation will appear in the list of references that follows the body of the paper.When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of the publication appears in parenthesis following the identification of the authors, for example, Smith (2001). When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons, for example (Smith and Jones, 2001; Anderson, Charles, & Johnson, 2003). When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited.When that source is cited again, the first author’s surname and â€Å"et al. † are used. See the example in the following paragraph. Use of this standard APA style â€Å"will result in a favorable impression on your instructor† (Smith, 200 1). This was affirmed again in 2003 by Professor Anderson (Anderson, Charles & Johnson, 2003). When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are cited every time. If there are six or more authors to be cited, use the first author’s surname and â€Å"et al. † the first and each subsequent time it is cited.When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. A longer quote of 40 or more words should appear (without quotes) in block format with each line indented five spaces from the left margin. 1 References Anderson, Charles & Johnson (2003). The impressive psychology paper. Chicago: Lucerne Publishing. Smith, M. (2001). Writing a successful paper. The Trey Research Monthly, 53, 149-150.Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors and ar e formatted with a hanging indent. Most reference entries have three components: Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six and then use â€Å"et al. † for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. Year of Publication: In parenthesis following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis.If no publication date is identified, use â€Å"n. d. † in parenthesis following the authors. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Appendix Each Appendix appears on its own page. Footnotes 1Complete APA style formatting information may be found in the Publication Manual. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Fig ure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number] Eth 125 Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper that answers the following questions:  · What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past?  · Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history?  · Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U. S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so?  · What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? What are the benefits of such a diverse society?  · How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States?  · In what ways does the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. (Citations Required)  · In what ways does the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. (Citations Required)  · How mig ht individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? Title of Paper Begin your paper with the introduction. The active voice, rather than passive voice, should be used in your writing. This template is formatted according to APA Style guidelines, with one inch top, bottom, left, and right margins; Times New Roman font in 12 point; double-spaced; aligned flush left; and paragraphs indented 5-7 spaces. The page number appears one inch from the right edge on the first line of each page, excluding the Figures page.Headings Use headings and subheadings to organize the sections of your paper. The first heading level is formatted with initial caps and is centered on the page. Do not start a new page for each heading. Subheading Subheadings are formatted with italics and are aligned flush left. Citations Source material must be documented in the body of th e paper by citing the authors and dates of the sources. The full source citation will appear in the list of references that follows the body of the paper.When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of the publication appears in parenthesis following the identification of the authors, for example, Smith (2001). When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons, for example (Smith and Jones, 2001; Anderson, Charles, & Johnson, 2003). When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited.When that source is cited again, the first author’s surname and â€Å"et al. † are used. See the example in the following paragraph. Use of this standard APA style â€Å"will result in a favorable impression on your instructor† (Smith, 200 1). This was affirmed again in 2003 by Professor Anderson (Anderson, Charles & Johnson, 2003). When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are cited every time. If there are six or more authors to be cited, use the first author’s surname and â€Å"et al. † the first and each subsequent time it is cited.When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. A longer quote of 40 or more words should appear (without quotes) in block format with each line indented five spaces from the left margin. 1 References Anderson, Charles & Johnson (2003). The impressive psychology paper. Chicago: Lucerne Publishing. Smith, M. (2001). Writing a successful paper. The Trey Research Monthly, 53, 149-150.Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors and ar e formatted with a hanging indent. Most reference entries have three components: Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six and then use â€Å"et al. † for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. Year of Publication: In parenthesis following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis.If no publication date is identified, use â€Å"n. d. † in parenthesis following the authors. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Appendix Each Appendix appears on its own page. Footnotes 1Complete APA style formatting information may be found in the Publication Manual. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Fig ure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number]

Evaluation Of Robinson s Juvenile Recidivism Prevention...

ABSTRACT According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and delinquency prevention, mentoring is a valuable method to avert at-risk juvenile from involvement in delinquency and also to facilitate already delinquent ones to transform their lives for the better. Evaluation is useful in assuring that the mentoring program is working as intended and to establish whether the program is meeting its goals and objectives. Without conducting an actual evaluation, program teams sometimes draw on findings that have been linked to the outcome in similar mentoring programs (OJJDP, 1995). Research shows that some of the more meticulous evaluations approaches call for outside evaluators who are capable of remaining objective during the process. Sanchez†¦show more content†¦A detailed breakdown of projected costs establishes the need for a $ 9,800 by RJRPC to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its program to be able to confidently assert the effectiveness of mentoring in reducing juvenile recidivism . INTRODUCTION Overview Mentoring is an effective way to prevent at-risk youth especially from getting involved in delinquency and also to help already delinquent youth/ juvenile offenders to change their lives for the better. RJRPC mentoring program targets non-violent, non-serious, non-sex juvenile offenders aged between 10 and 18 who live on the South West area of Napa City and who are referred to RJRPC by the Family Court and the Napa County Juvenile Probation and Corrections Department. The center, which was established in 2006, has served over 14,000 youth within the 9 years it has been in operation with its six programs designed to focus on the individual, relationships, or community. Our juvenile mentoring program is designed to serve the needs of the youth in family like setting, situated as close to home as possible, with action built around the youth and family strengths while delivering services in a culturally sensitive and competent manner. The purpose of conducting this long over due evalua tion is to answer vital questions about the effectiveness of our mentoring program. Data collected during the evaluation will be useful to